Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Why Did People Vote for the Nazi Party

For what reason did individuals vote in favor of the Nazi party? ~ Young Unemployed Man 1929 I have chosen to decide in favor of the Nazi party. At the present time our nation is in a downturn, and our kin are experiencing wretchedness and neediness. Adolf Hitler has vowed to make our nation a superior spot by conquering these issues. His arrangements for us are so incredible. He puts stock in a more promising time to come for our nation. We will see his fantasy showing up right in front of us. In a discourse Adolf Hitler gave; he stated, â€Å" I’ve made it understood the German country will be reestablished just when the German individuals locate their internal quality again! He has confidence in our kin and our nation. He needs the nation to improve as a spot for him as well as his supporters. He accepts he can reestablish our nation to its previous greatness, before World War 2 and the arrangement of Versailles. He has faith in making an unadulterated country, comprised o f just us Germans. He shows the genuine shortcomings of popular government. The shortcomings just a few people know about, he shows how sloppy and turbulent their business is.He needs to give us that we have settled on an inappropriate choices before and that there can be another future. A future, which will be loaded up with expectation and order. This expectation causes us to forge ahead, and anticipate what's to come. The guarantees he made goes out to everybody everything being equal, however the most significant one he made was to offer work to the jobless. Joblessness is the motivation behind why the nation is coming up short. So when the Nazi party is chosen I can at long last feed my family once more, we can keep warm in the winter and possibly manage the cost of little luxuries.The nation will never again be viewed as a mistake yet as a shelter, for those individuals like me, who have only a couple of scratches to live off of. The Nazi party has made large guarantees in whi ch I accept will enable our nation to make progress. That as well as it will profit we all in the nation. All other parties’ guarantees appear to be a failure in comparision. Those guarantees are just a minor accomplishment yet our nation needs to make force and immaculateness. â€Å"Heil Hitler! †

Saturday, August 22, 2020

How was the ideology of the Progressive Era different from that of the Essay

How was the belief system of the Progressive Era not quite the same as that of the Gilded Age Compare the two, think about business guideline - Essay Example The American modern insurgency crested during the Gilded Age as huge work pools were accessible. Diggers, farmers, ranchers and African Americans moved to the urban communities and gave modest and copious work. Trailblazers, for example, Bell and Edison saw fast improvement and development. This prompted the development of organizations that couldn't be administered legitimately by an entrepreneur. The railroad industry’s development requested that a formal, very much controlled administration framework be instituted. New huge enterprises started to rise. Banking and stock selling were used to create the enormous incomes required to fund the new mechanical mammoths. The railroad business venturing into the West required $16,000 per mile of track. This degree of financing couldn't be met with by one speculator or a gathering of enormous speculators. Money was created utilizing new corporate structures. Corporate associations, for example, â€Å"gentlemen’s agreementsâ⠂¬ , trusts and holding organizations started to dive further into the market for monopolistic control. In the end the holding organizations overran the trusts. Another class of burglars nobles rose who were looting the normal man yet introduced themselves as passionate humanitarians. Industry slipped under the control of the financing wizards. Money masters, for example, J. P. Morgan used oversold stock to revitalize organizations and Morgan in the long run became â€Å"America’s most noteworthy financier† speaking to his capacity of the field of account. Monopolistic affiliations started to develop, for example, Morgan, Schwab and Carnegie’s steel business, Rockefeller’s oil business and the American Tobacco Corporation. Riches started to gather in the coffers of a chosen few. Work was both rich and modest. Ladies and kids were the least paid and exhausted. While the normal compensation was only 400-500 USD yet the base food was 600 USD. Working condit ions were risky, working hours long and professional stability missing. An influx of settlers from Asia and China exacerbated matters. Worker's guilds couldn't be emerged in light of the fact that the various ethnicities thought that it was difficult to cooperate for their privileges. Various little and ineffectual trade guilds developed. Occasions, for example, little, meager and ungraceful fights were the main accomplishments of the early worker's guilds. Then again, the Progressive time was commanded by the desire and will to change the degenerate and unfair framework. The Progressive flood was driven by the rising white collar class. Proficient advancement in explicit fields in urban focuses empowered a class of sorted out and decided individuals to develop. Experts, for example, specialists, legal counselors, educators, instructors and designers shaped associations to protect and extend their inclinations. The enrolment in school went up by some 400% somewhere in the range of 1 870 and 1920. Also, the positions of the expert class rose from 750k to some 5.6 million individuals. The rise of an expert class with their own associations introduced the rise of new intrigue and weight gatherings. Be that as it may, these gatherings were effectively campaigning for change in the administration and industry which they saw as degenerate and oppressive. Most progressives were searching for approaches to clip down on â€Å"laissez faire† with the goal that administrative control could be presented. Huge organizations were viewed as a functioning danger. The accumulating of half of the nation’

Thursday, August 13, 2020

Having Survived Rejection (guest post)

Having Survived Rejection (guest post) This is a guest post by someoneMichael T. (UMD 19)whose college essays I helped edit last year. Hes a friend of a friend who wrote an entire essay about soldering. Like many of you, he worked toward MIT with a singleminded devotion and believed he would belong here more than anywhere else, but then he was not admitted to the class of 2019. Heres his story. MIT decisions came out yesterday, and for those who spent all day waiting (and anyone else going through college admissions), this is for you. It was December 13th, 2014 6:15PM. I remember eyeing my box of yogurt covered raisins, knowing that it may be my only comfort come 6:28PM, when the MIT early decision would be released. I ate all of them. They didn’t help. I’d always thought that I was the perfect fit for MIT, being the tinkerer/builder type who had a passion for creation. I wore around my MIT swag around proudly as if I were its representative. My brother, my cousin, and my best friend all made it in, so it was my turn to follow suit. Come application time, I studied the admissions blog religiously. I learned how to write about myself, how to create the froyo flavor that represented me. Then, I forged those essays out of myself. Never before had I put so much work into an essay, going through revision after revision until I was satisfied. Naturally, I submitted a minute before the deadline (it’s traditional). Then, as I waited those three months, my infatuation grew into an obsession. I learned more and more about this place where I felt I was meant to go, imagining how I’d install a WiFi enabled LED Matrix on my dorm door, how I’d bring my cooking to my friends. It was a setup for heartbreak. What bothered me the most was that I wasn’t even deferred, simply rejected. It didn’t feel real. How did this happen? How had this moment that I envisioned for so long ended like this? I felt inadequate, worthless. Everything I had hoped for in the past months just vanished in front of me. Gone. Ultimately, I didn’t make it into any of my “reach” schools, which was upsetting, to say the least. I was only left with two choices, neither of which I thought much of at the time. Fast forward nine months into my first week at college. I was bitter. I didn’t feel like I belonged, I thought I was better. I belonged at MIT, and thus I made it my goal to transfer there by the end of the school year. Yet as the days went by and friendships were formed, the desire started to fade. It didn’t matter that not a single person on my floor did compsci, or that most of my friends were in a completely different field of science. I continued doing what I loved, creating uselessly fun devices. I met people who were piano prodigies, League of Legend gods, and long-distance runners. I realized that it’s not about where you are. Home is where your friends are, and if you’re open about yourself, you can make friends anywhere. Since then, I’ve forgotten about transferring. College is a blur of events that’ll leave you wondering where the time has gone, and you’ll soon be asking yourself what you were so stressed about just a few months ago. While some places are undeniably special, it doesn’t mean you’ll only be content there. It’s easy to think that you only fit into a specific school, but it’s simply not true. It’s about what you do that defines you. Not a college, not a decision letter. So take comfort in knowing that your future doesn’t lie in the hands of a college admissions officer, but rather yours and yours alone.

Saturday, May 23, 2020

Essay on Solution to the Foreclosure Crisis - 2199 Words

How real is the mortgage foreclosure problem in America? How did it come about? What are some possible solutions? First of all, the problem is so big that almost everyone knows someone who lost their house because of a foreclosure, and this is new. It didn’t used to be that way. Listening to the stories of foreclosure evictions provides an eyewitness viewpoint of how it happened. This is important because it provides a background against which to decide solutions. The overhang of foreclosed homes for sale is pummeling home prices and laying waste to entire neighborhoods. In the process, consumer spending has suffered mightily and deepened the recession as Americans have seen the value of their most important assets, their homes, are†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å" In simple terms, a bank lends money to someone who wants to buy a house. In return, the house buyer signs a paper called mortgage which says they will pay the bank back and that if they don’t, they will forfeit their house to the bank. So who are the unwise home buyers, who, having signed that powerful piece of paper, miss enough payments that the bank actually does come in and throw them out and take back their home? I can answer that question two ways. First, statistics show it’s happening right where I live in Lima, Ohio, and Allen County. The LIma News, Dec 12, 209, gives these statistics. Foreclosure rates are now running 1.56% for October, which is just slig htly higher than one year ago (1.56%) but less than it was earlier this year. In actual numbers, there were 895 foreclosures, which contrasts with 800 in 2008, but in 2005 there were only 464. This is slightly better than the national numbers and it might not sound like a lot, but it is a nearly 200% increase since 2005. Thats why we need a proposing sweeping action. First and foremost, the government should make that same 4.5% mortgage rate, the lowest in decades, available to all American homeowners through refinancing. Banks and other lenders would write the loans and then sell them to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the secondary-market giants that wereShow MoreRelatedSolution to the Foreclosure Crisis1326 Words   |  6 PagesI have what I believe to be a viable solution to the foreclosure crisis. I am almost certain that, if implemented, it would work. We need social services reform. I hesitate to say this, because it may come off as sounding too radical, but desperate times call for desperate measures. Simply put, if something fails, we must look at the overall picture and see what may be wrong—we need to troubleshoot the system. To me, and hopefully to most Americans with any interest in the future of our nation, itRead MoreA Practical Solution to the Foreclosure Crisis1122 Words   |  5 PagesIt is no secret the foreclosure crisis has played a significant role in the financial meltdown of the past year. The collapse of the housing marketing has brought thousands of families across the country to financial ruin, forcing many out on the streets. Although the common consensus is that something must be done to stabilize the foreclosure crisis, the agreement ends there. Proposed solutions to the foreclosure crisis have drawn controversy from all political affiliations and walks of life. ThisRead MoreA Solution To the Foreclosure Crisis Essay955 Words   |  4 PagesThe foreclosure crisis has reached new heights since the all-time high deficit in the economy. U.S. foreclosure rates went up more than 81% and 861,664 families lost their homes to foreclosure in 2008 (Les Christie). Also, 54 households received a foreclosure notice last year (Les Christie). So what is the solution? Bold action is needed to address this serious issue. I suggest a â€Å"real estate pause† for a temporary amount of time, similar to what Roosevelt did with the â€Å"bank holiday†Read MorePossible Solutions to the Foreclosure Crisis Essay1179 Words   |  5 PagesThe purpose of this writing is to analyze the foreclosure crisis and offer some solutions to keep people in their homes and satisfy the financial accounting records of the banking industry. With more lost jobs on the horizon and fluctuating adjustable mortgage rates, the foreclosure crisis continues to plague America. A recent report from the Mortgage Bankers Association reveals that 14% of loans are behind or in foreclosure. This is largely due to lost jobs in this volatile economy. Many factorsRead MoreProposed Solution to the Foreclosure Crisis Essay1250 Words   |  5 PagesToday’s America is in crisis; we are in a recession. The greatest factor driving this major recession is Foreclosure many Americans are forced to face every day. In simple terms, the foreclosure crisis was caused by greed in the banking industry and too much optimism of the American people. This resulted in a bubble of subprime mortgage lending, which eventually collapsed once leading mortgage firms in the banking industry such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac needed to be bailed out by the governmentRead MoreSolution to the Foreclosure Crisis: Lending Laws1518 Words   |  7 PagesThe current foreclosure crisis in America has directly impacted thousands of homeowners who have lost or are losing their homes. It has indirectly affected nearly every American, as it is the underpinning of our current economic recession. In order to resolve this crisis, we first need to understand how we got to this point. With that understanding, we can look for solutions, and then try to prevent this from happening again. In regards to a solution, I have come up with three steps that could beRead MoreProposed Solutions to the Foreclosure Crisis Essay1038 Words   |  5 PagesForeclosure is a growing national disaster in the United States. Every time you tune in to your local news, there is a new family whose house is being foreclosed. Every time you ride around the neighborhood, there is another house up for sale. There are several solutions to this increasing trend including cutting government spending and cutting funds towards unsuccessful government programs, devising financial plans to assist families by setting up payment plans that they can afford, getting communitiesRead MoreEssay on A Solution to the Foreclosure Crisis2422 Words   |  10 Pageslike to stop foreclosure on their homes, we need to address the root or the heart of the problem, not just a branch or limb. Solving foreclosure would be like putting a band-aid on a wound which needs surgery. The real problem resides in human behavior and governmental policy concerning the environment which we inhabit. So, with this information, I will address how to come about a real solution in terms of preventing foreclosure (and better than that, solving what causes foreclosure) (which is interrelatedRead MoreAn Integrated Solution to the Foreclosure Crisis Essay2100 Words   |  9 PagesForeclosure. Only recently has the term become a buzz word among the American public and various media. The crisis that has enveloped the United States has initiated widespread questioning of the very financial systems in which the American innovators have grown to prosper. Although the foreclosure crisis is often viewed as a product of greedy financial institutions, causation cannot be distilled to individual constituencies; further regulation on various components of the crisis can develop theRead MoreSolving The Foreclosure Crisis: Two Solutions Essay1444 Words   |  6 Pagesthe rapid increase in foreclosures across the country. The country’s immense housing crisis can be addressed by referring to not only the accumulating irresponsibility of the individual American loan borrower, but also the growth of greed at the corporate level which led to the financial market’s negligence. To stop the spread of this issue we should look at closer government watch of the market and specifically focus on consumer education. The Quagmire What is foreclosure? Well it is actually

Tuesday, May 12, 2020

Argumentative Essay On The Death Penalty - 989 Words

Capital punishment is commonly known as the Death Penalty. The Death Penalty is killing someone as a punishment for a crime through legal terms. In 2014, six hundred thirty-four people that are 18 years and older out of one thousand seventeen people were in favor of the death penalty (Gallup). We use this punishment to serve justice for the life of the victim that has been taken. I am in favor of the death penalty and it should be issued in all states for people who commit heinous crimes. The death penalty is constitutional in that it does not violate the Eighth Amendment and an eye for an eye should be deserved. The Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty is not a violation of the 8th Amendment. Criminals do not want to face the†¦show more content†¦Irwin Isenberg said, â€Å"when you kill a man with premeditation, you do something different than stealing from him.† You are taking away a person’s life and acts of premeditation must be punished by death. An assailant has the power of the judicial process who protects their constitutional rights when they have been incarcerated and charged. Does anyone stop and think about the victim? The officers, family, and friends may have compassion towards the assailant. The criminals lawyer helps them gain publicity and usually turns the criminal into a victim, making them plead not guilty in the eyes of the jury; knowing otherwise that they are guilty. Criminals must not get away with murder and their best punishment should be the death penalty. George W. Bush said, â€Å"†¦ capital punishment is a deterrent against futu re violence and will save other innocent lives.† Punishing murderers is the only way to discourage future people into committing murder to save lives. Justice should be served for the victims’ death in that the murderer should die too. This punishment is reserved for the most heinous murders; murderers who do not get the death penalty and are released from prison and will most likely kill again; these people deserve to be punished by death. It has been argued that the death penalty is inhumane and that it should be abolished because of it being cruel and unusual. Life in prison is punishment enough, some would say. Minors and people who suffer fromShow MoreRelatedArgumentative Essay On The Death Penalty967 Words   |  4 PagesCapital punishment or death penalty is a form of punishment mostly used for people that murder somebody. It is a very complex issue in today’s world. There are very strong opinions on both sides of the argument. Some believe that every state should have it, and others believe that none should. It is so controversial because both sides believe that they are right and because death is so permanent. If you make a mistake, once the death penalty is imposed, there is no taking it back. Here are some ofRead MoreArgumentative Essay On The Death Penalty1112 Words   |  5 PagesDeath Penalty First and foremost, the death penalty is defined as the punishment of execution, administered to someone who has committed a terrible crime (Capital Punishment 1). This is also known as capital punishment, which is known for disregarding the human rights. Although many countries continue to enforce the death penalty, some countries think it should not be practiced. According to the United States, the death penalty continues to be a charged and controversial political and legal issue(CapitalRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Death Penalty931 Words   |  4 PagesArgument Essay: Death Penalty The American Justice System has been using the death penalty, also known as capital punishment, as a way to serve a prisoners sentence usually due to the crime of murder. The death penalty in the American Justice System has been used for many years now. Although in 18 states the death penalty has already been abolished, there are still 32 states where it is still legal. The death penalty should not be legal in the American Justice System, because it is immoral, unjustRead MoreArgumentative Essay On The Death Penalty957 Words   |  4 PagesThe death Penalty is a very controversial topic to many. Some believe that the death penalty should not only be in place but there should be more executions every year. While others believe that the death penalty is going out of style and it is not serving its purpose of deterring crime as it did before. Although there are many claims supporting both sides still over half of Americans are for capital punishment in some way, but what causes someone to be sentenced to death? According to the articleRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Death Penalty1664 Words   |  7 PagesMaddison Higdon Mrs. Gallos English 3 21 November 2017 The Death Penalty From 1973 to mid 2017, the death penalty has been used over 1,400. This highly opinionated topic has been intensely debated among the countrys top scholars. Justice along with closure, is a large argument that most people bring up while debating this topic. â€Å"But the only reason Belinda Crites needs to support the death penalty is ‘what Eric Nance did to my cousin.’† (Santhanam). The argument of whether families of the victimRead MoreDeath Penalty Argumentative Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesThe death penalty, or capital punishment, is the execution of an offender that is sentenced to death by a court of law for a criminal offense.   This type of punishment for inmates is involved in controversy over whether or not it is an acceptable form of punishment for criminals and also whether or not it is immoral.   There are many arguments for both sides of the debate, each making valid points and pointing out the flaws of the opposing position. Many religions are either for or against capitalRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Death Penalty1127 Words   |  5 PagesLittlefield English 111 23 July 2017 Death Penalty Every society has a set of laws that are used to maintain order within the society. Crime laws are enforced to reduce crimes. If the laws were broken, people would receive consequences that are equal to the magnitude of the crime. Although all sanctions should equal the crime, there is a controversial method: the death penalty. Death punishment is a cruel fate even for a criminal who had cause great harms. The death penalty has more negative impacts thanRead MoreWhat Makes A Successful Argument?927 Words   |  4 Pagesargument? An argumentative essay is similar to any other essay. The writing process may vary, but only slightly to meet the demands of an argument. When writing a convincing argumentative essay, one must first choose a topic and then think about that chosen topic, draft a thesis statement, understand the intended audience, gather evidence, refute opposing arguments, revise the thesis statement, establish credibility, draft the essay, revise the essay, and finally polish the essay. By implementingRead More Capital Punishment and Societys Views Essay849 Words   |  4 PagesMarshall According to the American Society of Criminology, each year there are about 250 people added to death row and 35 executed in the United States. The death penalty is the harshest form of punishment enforced in the United Sates today. Once a jury has been convicted of a criminal offense, they go to the second part of the trial, the punishment phase. If the jury recommends the death penalty and the judge agrees, then the criminal will face some form of execution; lethal injection is the mostRead MoreWhat Do You Think About The Juvenile Death Penalty? Many1622 Words   |  7 PagesWhat do you think about the juvenile death penalty? Many sides are against this kind of thing. They believe that juveniles are not fully matured and give in too easily to peer pressure. Juveniles are smart enough to know wrong from right even if they are getting pressured to do something. This essay is pro for death penalty for juveniles, because they can make their own decisions in their life. For starters t his paper is going to give some information from people who think there should never be

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Introduction to Sociology Free Essays

05/12/2011 Oana Cristina Merca Introduction to Sociological Themes and Perspectives The word â€Å"sociology† has its roots from the Latin â€Å"socius† which means â€Å"companion† and the Greek â€Å"ology† which means â€Å"the study of†. So basically, Sociology is one of the social sciences which aim is to explain human behaviour. Unlike Psychology, Sociology is much more concerned about social group’s behaviour including whole societies and even international and global groups. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Sociology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Of all the social sciences it is Sociology that most closely scrutinizes change and conflict in the wider society. The range of the discipline, and the importance of the arguments that are disputed within it, still make it the most exciting of the social sciences. However, it was not until the nineteenth century, as a consequence of industrial revolution, that we see a concern with society as a direct object of study. We could then determine, once and for all, what sort of social changes were possible. In its present form, Sociology embraces a range of different views concerning both what a social science should compromise, and what might be the proper subject-matter of Sociology in particular. The latter provides perhaps the best way of making sense of the discipline. This essay will explain, compare and contrast three of the main perspectives in Sociology: Functionalism, Marxism and Feminism. The founder of the Functionalism perspective was Emile Durkheim (1858-1917), whose theory was then further developed by Robert Merton (1910-2003). The Functionalist looks at society as a body where everything has a function. There are formal organizations as law, education, the family, the media, political system and informal social actions such as suicide, love, and crime. Altogether serve a function and have consequences on society. Crime is normal and found in every society. It shows us what is acceptable or not. Crime produces rituals as court processes and boundaries which show us who is in and who is out. Durkheim believed that a very high rate of crime or deviance shows that something had gone wrong with the society. Suicide is a social phenomenon which can be explained by things such as religion, economic situation, social structure, sexual orientation. Suicide is higher in protestant than catholic countries, more common among single people than married, more common in military than among civilians, rates of suicide drop in time of ar and they are higher in times of economic crisis. The anomie theory of Robert Merton (1957) is distinguished between cultural goals (material possessions, status symbols) and institutional means (opportunities to achieve these goals in a socially acceptable way). The situation where is too much emphasis on the cultural goals and not enough on the institutional means is known a s anomie. Talcott Parsons (1951) is talking about two basic functions of the family: the reproduction and the stabilisation of adult personality. How to cite Introduction to Sociology, Papers

Sunday, May 3, 2020

Sustainable Cities and Regions Network †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Sustainable Cities and Regions Network. Answer: Introduction The question relating to the crucial role of third party notice rights and review have been one of the contemporary issues forming the contemporary debates in the urban planning an policies over years. In most of the jurisdictions in Victoria demands for maximum public participations have influenced the planning process through a widening appeals made in the courts of law to allow third party appeals. Even though the third party notice rights and review is crucial many countries has not fully adopted the application of policy. The content of this paper also forms part of the debate trying to validate Third party notice and review rights serve a crucial role in preserving the fairness and inclusiveness of the Victorian planning system, and this outweighs the problems that they cause. Third party notice and review rights serve a crucial role in preserving the fairness and inclusiveness of the Victorian planning system, and this outweighs the problems that they cause. The above statement according my best understanding of the planning scheme is valid. This is because the development is not and should not only be the end product but must also be fair throughout the whole process. Third party notice and review rights are to best of my knowledge serve a crucial role in presenting the fairness and inclusiveness of the Victorian planning system compared to the problems which sometimes comes with the appeals confirmed (Local Government Association of South Australia 2014). The third party notice and rights review provides the members of the public with an opportunity to offer their ideas to development planning leading to citizen satisfaction. Moreover, the landowners in most of the occasions have a very crucial and legitimate interest on the whether any development should occur and the type of development that should be settled on by the government. This is because any new venture or development project has effects to the general neighborhood character , the available amenities, infrastructural and property values (Cook et.al 2012). The interest of the landowners in such situations are based on the non-pecuniary effects but in the most cases have proved to be important as pecuniary issues. The development process should be equitable and where the participants in the process have the rights to appeal, the third party notice and review rights should also be seen as important (Cook et.al 2012). The third party notice and review rights is important as it makes the community a key stakeholder in development planning and without the third party notice and review right the general community is eliminated as a stakeholder in the planning and development process. The benefits which comes with the third party notice and rights review results to a better planning decisions. Even though in most of the cases objectors do not completely win in overturning the decision of the Australian council in the favor of the development process, but more of the half of the issues raised by the objectors are successfully addressed adding weight to the development confirmed (Local Government Association of South Australia 2014). Third party appeals therefore do enable development proposals to be critically evaluated in more detailed form leading to refinement of the system of planning even though this comes at a cost. Further, the application of the third party notice and rights review afford the broader base input by increasing the debate and the capability for the local knowledge to inform the planning approvals which leads to improved development outcomes. The application of third party notice and review rights in Victorian development system discourages corruption within the system. When the government is left alone in making decision related to planning and development of Victoria, collusive behavior have been witnessed but this is pointless with the application of third party notice and review rights as it allows the citizen to make an appeal the council (Ellis 2006). In relation to the corruption the third party enhances transparency in the general process of development as it enables members of the community and property owners to check development decisions through and independent review bodies. This scares away corrupt individuals who in most of the time do shoddy development projects by making every key stakeholder in a development project accountable. This also improves the quality of projects done in Victoria. Another important aspect of the third party is its ability to improve consultations during planning and execution of various development projects in Victoria. The third party notice and review rights encourage parties responsible for a given development project to deal with the members of the local community in a more engaging manner (Ellis 2006). This improved engagement puts pressure on the developers to concede and improve the architectural or the design elements of the project where appropriate and reasonably applicable. Even though third party notice and review rights have several advantages which outweighs its effects to the planning system in Victoria. The application of the third party and review rights have also some disadvantages which should also be looked into prior to the application. The application of the third party appeals in the development process is quite challenging and many arguments have been raised against its use (Cook et.al 2012). The use of appeal right in planning legislations are several but the benefits of the third party notice and review rights outweigh them. The consideration of third party notice and review rights in the planning legislations adds a significant delays in the Victorian planning system. The delay comes as the members of the public have to be consulted prior to the commencement of any new development project and objectors makes appeals which also takes time to be heard by the jurisdiction and making of judgment. The third party appeals also adds cost of a n ew project in Victoria as review parties have to be assigned and the evaluation of project planning also needs money to be properly done (Ellis 2006). Moreover, third party notice and review rights creates a meddlers charters as well as open floodgate to non-interested parties. The application of the third party notice cab also be a deterrent to economic development through investments in Victorian local economy. This is because the third party notice and review rights allow the local community to make decisions in relation to new projects which may also be crucial to the economy (Hurl et.al 2011). The whole process and jurisdictions may scare away foreign investors who may be interested in venturing into business in Victoria. Another argument against third party notice and review is that it provides an opportunity for a well-heeled vocal minority and reduces the representatives power and this allows the local community to dominate. A part from the above disadvantages, consideration of third party in the system planning exacerbate issues which in most of time are related social exclusion as well as massive social disadvantages. It also reinforces and adversarial approach to development projects and lastly weakens the representative nature of the local decision making and democracy. In addition to the problems which comes with the consideration of third party notice and review rights, the time of considering the appeals on development proposals may sometimes be unnecessary since the community members is believed to have had an opportunity to add their concerns as input to the project (Hurley, Cook and Taylor 2013). To some individuals the third party is waste of time and a delay to development to development projects as it is clear that members of local community had their time to determine the appropriate forms of developments within their local areas during the consultations while coming up with town planning scheme or town development planning. In my view most the above disadvantages may not all be true, it is clear that the third party notice and review rights have some challenges but most of them may be omitted. In relation to cost as problem of the third party appeals, it is true that third party will a cost of the project. It is also valid that third party will course delays in the commencement of a new development project in situations where the development approval has been confirmed (Local Government Association of South Australia 2014). However, with valid evidence the consideration of third party notice and review rights do not open any floodgates, the third party notice and review rights also have no effect on the project and cannot deter projects which comply to the planning scheme as well as with limited effect to the environment and the neighbors. Conclusion As much as such disadvantages have been brought into light by various scholar and experts, the application of the third party notice and review rights in inclusive system of planning in Victoria is still crucial. The benefits as discussed above absolutely outweighs the disadvantages of the third party notice and review rights. Development projects and developers should only consider the outcome of any new project but should also consider the effect of the same project to the local people in Victoria. The most important part of the third party notice and review is its ability to positively influence system of planning thereby leading to perfectly evaluated and perfect development projects which satisfies the local community. In conclusion the statement Third party notice and review rights serve a crucial role in preserving the fairness and inclusiveness of the Victorian planning system, and this outweighs the problems that they cause is valid based on the above justification in the co ntent. References Cook, N. Taylor, E. Hurley, J. and Colic-Peisker, V. 2012, 'Resident third party objections and appeals against planning applications: implications for higher density and social housing - AHURI Final Report No. 197', in AHURI Final Report Series, Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia, vol. 197, pp. 1 -98, ISSN: 1834-7223. Ellis, Geraint 2006. Third party appeals: Pragmatism and principle. Planning Theory and Practice 7.3: pp. 330-339. Hurley, J. Taylor, E. Cook, N. and Colic-Peisker, V. 2011 , In the fast lane: Bypassing third party objections and appeals in third party planning process, in State of Australian Cities National Conference 2011, Australian Sustainable Cities and Regions Network (ASCRN), Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1 -10. Hurley, J, Cook, N and Taylor, E 2013, 'Examining three planning pathways in the mediation of resident opposition to compact city', in Nicole Gurran and Bill Randolph (ed.) Proceedings of the State of Australian Cities National Conference 2013, Sydney, Australia, 26 - 29 November 2013, pp. 1 -12. Local Government Association of South Australia, 2014, Planning and Appeals Review Planning Reform Issues Paper

Thursday, March 26, 2020

Symbolism in Battle Royal Essay Essay Example

Symbolism in Battle Royal Essay Paper Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal: Literary Analysis Symbolism – the artistic and deliberate use of representations in literary works – assists in presenting to audiences both explicit as well as implicit meanings of various concepts and entities. Authors, poets, and other composers thus make great use of this highly effective literary device as they seek to convey varied messages to audiences. To illustrate, through the ‘battle royal’ element within the Invisible Man novel, author Ralph Ellison makes use of this literary device to induce audiences to form varied connotative as well as denotative meanings. Specifically, the fact that the novel’s narrator, as well as his fellow classmates (all blindfolded), are engaged in a duel is very symbolic. To strike closer home, the blindfolded nature of the contestants has a deep symbolic denotative and as well as connotative meanings. On the connotative side, such a blindfolded situation demonstrates the ignorance that the parties, who are all Blacks, usually espouse. Conversely, by being engaged in a duel while blindfolded, the ten Black youths indicate that the Black population is generally backwards with regard to seeking to gain knowledge and understanding. In addition, by using this symbolic element, Ellison adds a further twist to the story’s overall meaning. For example, it is notable that the Blacks do not demonstrate any significant resistance towards the idea of facing off their fellow Blacks in a blind duel. It thus seems as though the Blacks are passive partakers of the humiliation that the Whites mete out on them. We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolism in Battle Royal Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolism in Battle Royal Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolism in Battle Royal Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In addition, it is important to note that the author employs a conventional symbolic element by describing the Blacks as being blindfolded. This is because blindfolds have the conventional meaning of implying lack of sight or understanding. All in all, in the Invisible Man novel, Ellison incorporates a conventional symbolic element, particularly; the author presents the Black contestants as being blindfolded to demonstrate their ignorance as well as their (the Blacks’) general apathy towards seeking justice, progress and development. For example, regarding the connotative implication of this symbolic element, by being blindfolded, the Black youths point to a general unwillingness of the Black community to agitate for positive change. For instance, it is very notable that the Blacks have seemingly agreed to be blindfolded, without any meaningful resistance, and then went ahead to engage in a duel. This viewpoint describes the Blacks as being people who are in some sort of comfort zone with regard to advocating for sociopolitical reforms regarding the plight of the Blacks. For this reason, the Blacks are seen as being a generally apathetic group of people with regard to seeking socioeconomic rights similar to those of the Whites. On the other hand, the denotative symbolic meaning of the blindfolded condition of the Black youths is that Blacks do not generally carefully ponder over most of their actions. For instance, it is without doubt that the duel that the Blacks are engaged in is very messy owing to the lack of the contribution of the important sense of sight. It thus follows that what the youths employ mostly as they duel is intuition and even mere guesswork. Similarly, Blacks are symbolically described as doing their things haphazardly through this symbolic element. In conclusion, Ellison’s Invisible Man novel’s ‘battle royal’ element uses the symbolic element of the dueling and blindfolded Black youths to explore certain Black qualities. For example, this depiction shows that Blacks generally lack a definite focus in their activities. Conversely, the general apathy among Blacks is demonstrated.

Friday, March 6, 2020

Definition and Examples of Logos in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Logos in Rhetoric In classical rhetoric, logos is the means of persuasion by demonstration of logical proof, real or apparent. Plural: logoi. Also called  rhetorical  argument, logical proof, and  rational appeal. Logos is one of the three kinds of artistic proof in Aristotles rhetorical theory. Logos has many meanings, notes George A. Kennedy. [I]t is anything that is said, but that can be a word, a sentence, part of a speech or of a written work, or a whole speech. It connotes the content rather than the style (which would be lexis) and often implies logical reasoning. Thus it can also mean argument and reason . . .. Unlike rhetoric, with its sometimes negative connotations, logos  [in the classical era] was consistently regarded as a positive factor in human life (A New History of Classical Rhetoric, 1994).   Etymology From the Greek, speech, word, reason Examples and Observations Aristotles third element of proof [after ethos and pathos] was logos or logical proof. . . . Like Plato, his teacher, Aristotle would have preferred that speakers use correct reasoning, but Aristotles approach to life was more pragmatic than Platos, and he wisely observed that skilled speakers could persuade by appealing to proofs that seemed true.Logos and the SophistsVirtually every person considered a Sophist by posterity was concerned with instruction in logos. According to most accounts, the teaching of the skills of public argument was the key to the Sophists financial success, and a good part of their condemnation by Plato...Logos in Platos PhaedrusRetrieving a more sympathetic Plato includes retrieving two essential Platonic notions. One is the very broad notion of logos that is at work in Plato and the sophists, according to which logos means speech, statement, reason, language, explanation, argument, and even the intelligibility of the world itself. Another is the notion, f ound in Platos Phaedrus, that logos has its own special power, psychagogia, leading the soul, and that rhetoric is an attempt to be an art or discipline of this power. Logos in Aristotles Rhetoric-  Aristotles great innovation in the Rhetoric is the discovery that argument is the center of the art of persuasion. If there are three sources of proof, logos, ethos, and pathos, then logos is found in two radically different guises in the Rhetoric. In I.4-14, logos is found in enthymemes, the body of proof; form and function are inseparable; In II.18-26 reasoning has force of its own. I.4-14 is hard for modern readers because it treats persuasion as logical, rather than emotional or ethical, but it is not in any easily recognizable sense formal.Logos vs. MythosThe logos of sixth- and fifth-century [BC] thinkers is best understood as a rationalistic rival to traditional mythosthe religious worldview preserved in epic poetry. . . . The poetry of the time performed the functions now assigned to a variety of educational practices: religious instruction, moral training, history texts, and reference manuals (Havelock 1983, 80). . . . Because the vast majori ty of the population did not read regularly, poetry was preserved communication that served as Greek cultures preserved memory. Proof QuestionsLogical proofs  (SICDADS) are convincing because they are real and drawn from experience. Answer all of the proof questions that apply to your issue.Signs: What signs show that this might be true?Induction: What  examples  can I use? What conclusion can I draw from the examples? Can my readers make the inductive leap from the examples to an acceptance of the conclusion?Cause: What is the main cause of the controversy? What are the effects?Deduction: What conclusions will I draw? What general principles, warrants, and examples are they based on?Analogies: What  comparisons  can I make? Can I show that what happened in the past might happen again or that what happened in one case might happen in another?Definition: What do I need to define?Statistics: What statistics can I use? How should I present them   Pronunciation LO-gos Sources Halford Ryan,  Classical Communication for the Contemporary Communicator. Mayfield, 1992Edward Schiappa,  Protagoras, and Logos: A Study in Greek Philosophy and Rhetoric, 2nd ed. University of South Carolina Press, 2003James Crosswhite,  Deep Rhetoric: Philosophy, Reason, Violence, Justice, Wisdom. The University of Chicago Press, 2013Eugene Garver,  Aristotles Rhetoric: An Art of Character. The University of Chicago Press, 1994Edward Schiappa,  The Beginnings of Rhetorical Theory in Classical Greece. Yale University Press, 1999N. Wood,  Perspectives on Argument. Pearson, 2004

Wednesday, February 19, 2020

Companies Act 2006 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Companies Act 2006 - Essay Example The new law hopes to reduce regulation that will allow companies to run their companies better and even cheaper. The changes brought about by the new law will result to savings of 250 million per year for businesses, inclusive of 100 million for the small businesses (http://www.bytestart.co.uk/ content/ legal/35_2/companies-act-guide.shtml) The new law brought anxiety to company secretaries in private firms because of possible abolition of the position. As part of the deregulation measures of the United Kingdom government, the requirement to have a company secretary is removed such that private companies can abolish the company secretary position starting April 6, 2008. A private company, however, has the option to retain its company secretary. The registrar of companies must be informed of the appointment of a company secretary to a private company and recorded in the company's register of secretaries. The private company secretary will perform the same obligations as a public company secretary as stipulated in the Companies Act 2006. ... Small private companies, on the other hand, may likely abolish the company secretary since the position is just created to be able to comply with the legal and administrative requirements of the old company law (Thomas, 2007). The position is often occupied by the spouse or a friend of management or a director of the company. Abolition of the company position in a small private company will reduce their operating costs. The company secretary of a small private company has limited administrative work and is often combined with other roles such as "advising the directors on legal matters, overseeing board papers, and generally acting as the conscience of the company" (http://www.netlawman.co.uk/info/role-duties-company-secretary.php). For large private companies, the company secretary has enormous responsibilities and the company is largely dependent on the expertise of a company secretary. With the implementation of the Companies Act 2006, the company secretary has to study the new law carefully, implement the changes and make sure that the company complies with the requirements of the law. The Companies Act 2006 includes significant changes of the old company law that was in force in the past 20 years. Company secretaries are now busy preparing their companies internally to iron out the processes to facilitate smooth company compliance. Based on the calendar of implementation of the new law, significant portions of the New Act were implemented on October 1, 2007 and April 6, 2008, with the remaining provisions to be in force by October 1, 2008 up to October 1, 2009 (Goold, 2008). According to Bridget Salaman of the Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators, company secretaries anticipate increase i n minute-taking requirements since

Tuesday, February 4, 2020

Point of Care Testing Clinical Issues Assignment

Point of Care Testing Clinical Issues - Assignment Example The victims are majorly the young and part of the adult population. This problem is relevant in the world of healthcare service provision. The reason for its relevance is the fact that its ever-increasing prevalence and incidence rates warrant immediate clinical intervention. Therefore, to get rid of the health complications brought about by obesity, and to counter the prevalence of the problem, the appropriate healthcare action must be taken (Hain & Kear, 2015). EBP is an analytical and problem solving-approach on matters pertaining to healthcare. The approach is based on evidence or proof that is obtained from the analysis of available patient records or results from previous studies. This is a procedural process that must involve the relevant clinical expertise and the patients’ preferences. There are seven basic steps in the EBP clinical problem-solving approach.This is the initial step of the EBP. It involves the medical practitioners being persistently inquisitive. The questions that require answers are formulated because they are the basis of the impending problem. In this case, the identified problem is obesity among the American population. The series of questions keep the healthcare personnel aware of diverse ways of dealing with the problem and how to improve their practice to ensure that the desired results are obtained. Therefore, some of the possible questions, in this case, would be: A PICOT question structure is composed five questioning formats. Questions are formulated based on the population dynamics like age, Intervention, comparison with other interventions, the outcome of the intervention and the timeframe. For instance, the focus here is on obesity. The relevant PICO question format may appear in a set of specific sentence structures since the events are interrelated. Therefore, the question would be; among obese adults and children in America (P), does the regulation of eating habits and the choice of food (I) compared to the banning of junk food (C) have any effect reduction of the prevalence of obesity (O). The question follows the PICO format and addresses all the relevant measures leveled against the obesity outlining the affected individuals (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2011).

Monday, January 27, 2020

Jack Kerouac and the Beat Generation

Jack Kerouac and the Beat Generation Introduction Jack Kerouac was responsible for spawning the literary movement that became known as the Beat Generation, a movement not only significant to literature, but one which incorporated music and visual art to chart a personal progression. Kerouac â€Å"was the leader of a literary movement and a way of life he thought was a passing fad.† The basic characteristics of â€Å"Beat† are defined in Kerouacs 1957 novel On the Road, a text which was to become a virtual gospel for the Beat Generation. As the author of this commandment, Kerouac became known as the â€Å"King of the Beats.† His reaction to this title is documented in an article printed in Playboy, â€Å"The Origins of the Beat Generation† (â€Å"Journal of Beat Poet Holmes recalls friendship, death of Jack Kerouac†). The term â€Å"beat† has a range of meanings, affording critics of â€Å"Beat† writing a rich array of ambiguities for their textual analyses. As an adjective, it was most famously defined by Allen Ginsberg, a member of Kerouacs close knit group, as â€Å"exhausted, at the bottom of the world, looking up or out, sleepless, wide-eyed, perceptive, rejected by society, on your own, streetwise,† while the word beat was originally used as a musical term by post-World War II musicians in reference to an individual or tune that was exhausted or downbeat. At the time, America herself was â€Å"beat†- the country had emerged from the 1930s disaster of economic depression only to find itself entangled in World War II, and having to deal with threats from the â€Å"reds† and the ominous propositions of McCarthyism. In one striking blow to Kerouac and other Bohemians, a definite link between smoking and lung cancer was confirmed in 1953. Kerouacs audience was a disenchanted, self righteous population, an unguided generation with no clear direction or idea of what they wanted form life and too powerless and world-weary to go out in search of the meaning of their existence. Such readers found refreshment and salvation in Kerouacs self-declared confusion, embodied most apparently in his definitive novel- On the Road. Kerouacs style, like all of the Beat writers, is defined simply and very easy to recognize. The Beat Generation â€Å"saw themselves on a quest for beauty and truth, allying themselves with mysticism. The works themselves were to be streams of consciousness written down spontaneously and not to be altered or edited† Kerouac himself simply stated, â€Å"if you change it†¦ the gig is shot.† Poets and novelists of the Beat Generation labelled Kerouac the embodiment of Beat and hailed him as leader of the movement, the â€Å"King† term is perhaps more carefully chosen than it appears, patriarchally loaded as it is. Other well-known authors of the Beat Generation include Allen Ginsberg, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, William S. Burroughs, and Ken Kesey. 1. Kerouacs â€Å"Spontaneity† and the Beats. While the title implies supreme spontaneity, Kerouac was never quite as deliberately spontaneous as his legend has insisted. His plan was to create a â€Å"giant epic in the tradition of Balzac and Proust†, but he never managed to determine a literary technique capable of welding the separate books of his Duluoz chronology into a coherent whole, â€Å"even if he tried†. Ann Charters is the voice behind much of the critical discussion of Kerouacs overwhelming legend-making aspiration, â€Å"He couldnt come up with any literary technique to help him fit all the volumes of the Duluoz Legend into one continuous tale. All he could think of was to change the names in the various books back to their original forms, hoping that this single stroke would give sufficient unity to the disparate books, magically making them fit more smoothly into their larger context as the Duluoz (Kerouac the Louse) Legend†¦[H]e wanted the books reissued in a uniform edition to make the larger design unmistakeable.† To claim that each individual novel is insufficient without integration into the larger context of the legend assumes a very conventional definition of legend. Not only is it linear and coherently chronological, it is also bound by the rules of time that govern reality. Of course there is no real reason why this should be so. Kerouacs â€Å"beats† create permanent and timeless impressions, and unending rhythms like Nature herself- the beat will go on if it is not bound by temporality or rationality, but, like a true legend, circulates and permeates the universal consciousness all the time, for all time. A legend can, after all, be many things: an unauthenticated story from ancient times; an allegorical tale of obvious exaggeration or fallacy; simple fame; an explanation accompanying an image or map- and, in music, a composition capable of relating a story- even without words. Charters criticisms fall away rapidly. Kerouacs work easily adheres to each of these versions of the term â€Å"legend†, as if he is unconsciously sensitive to the subtle multiplicity of the word, and feels obliged to fulfil the words promise. His work is carefully designed, indeed, he was preoccupied by the notion of design- the pre-styling of the free-styling- and perhaps not, then, the carefree and careless King of Beats. The assumption of wild abandon seems to arise from misunderstandings of the term â€Å"free prose.† The â€Å"free† to which Kerouac refers does not, in any way, signify a relinquishing of control. It is, however, rather like Wordsworths â€Å"spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling,† which creates an impression of experimentation but really represents a highly contrived artifice to contain the exuberance of â€Å"natural† speech. Associating Kerouacs particular diction with what he has called, â€Å"the unfulfilled linguistic intentions of the British Lake poets,† Tytell asserts that Kerouac sought a diction compatible with the natural and irrepressible flow of any â€Å"uncontrollable involuntary thoughts† that he had to release. While Kerouac clearly hoped that his â€Å"Spontaneous bop prosody† would â€Å"revolutionize American literature†, just as Joyce had revolutionized English prose, â€Å"spontaneous bop† has musical implications far more than literary ones. Kerouac and the other Beat writers listened to music as they worked, and â€Å"bop† surely applies to the jazz which accompanied their writing, more than anything; the music of Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, and Thelonius Monk. In many ways Kerouacs literary technique is structured on a model of Jazz riffs- the impulse for both being to perfect a deliberate style that does not look deliberate, something which systematically generates an impression of spontaneity. Albert Murray has defined a jazz riff as, â€Å"a brief musical phrase that is repeated, sometimes with very subtle variations, over the length of a stanza as a chordal pattern follows its normal progression†¦Riffs always seem spontaneous as if they were improvised in the heat of the performance. So much so that riffing is sometimes seen as synonymous with improvisation†¦not only are riffs as much a part of the same arrangements and orchestrations as the lead melody, but many consist of nothing more than stock phrases, quotations from the same familiar melody, or even clichà ©s that just happen to be popular at the moment.† Such is the technical â€Å"improvisation† of Kerouacs prose. Despite his declared disinterest in music, Kerouacs writing evidences a profound identification of the creation of music with that of literary works. As he states in his Paris Review interview: â€Å"As for my regular English verse, I knocked it off fast†¦ just as a musician has to get out, a jazz musician, his statement within a certain number of bars,† and later likens the writers craft to that of the hornplayer, â€Å"I formulated the theory of breath as measure, in prose and in verse, never mind what Olson, Charles Olson says, I formulated that theory in 1953 at the request of Burroughs and Ginsberg. Then theres the raciness and freedom and humour of jazz.† In Kerouacs own terms, then, the beat follows the phrasing of the jazz model. In his theory of â€Å"breath as measure† he reveals his acute attention to the sentence- elsewhere denounced- and even acknowledges the control of cadence. His contemporary critics occasionally saw musical rhythm in Kerouac: Tallman found a version of sentimental thirties music in â€Å"The Town and the City†, where melody rather than a storyline, controls the work. â€Å"On the Road,† however, demonstrates a departure into bebop, â€Å"Where the sounds become BIFF, BOFF, BLIP, BLEEP, BOP, BEEP, CLINCK, ZOWIE! Sounds break up. And are replaced by other sounds. The journey is NOW. The narrative is a humpty dumpty heap. Such is the condition of NOW.† Its impossible to avoid the philosophical and religious implications of this kind of anti-chronology. Just as music appears endless, repeatable, circular and circuitous, such is the freedom of writing unshackled to narrative. In Kerouacs novel, Big Sur, the message appears to be that since Nature is a part of the self, and to fear it is to fear oneself. The two meanings of Nature become one: â€Å"human nature† is animalistic, and this novel is cautionary to the extent that it shows the dangers of failing to acknowledge this. Kerouacs nature/Nature synthesis represents the essence of his Buddhist sympathies, and this in turn relates to the literary theme of tracing a path. It is hard not to read this author without conflating the mystical with post-modern work on impasses, such as Derridas aporia, and the sense that however far we go we can never escape our selves. It recalls the Buddhist expression, â€Å"Wherever you go, there you are.† â€Å"I am beginning to see a vast Divine Comedy of my own based on Buddha-on a dream I had that people are racing up and the Buddha mountain, is all, and inside the Cave of Reality.† The immediacy of his writing adds to the sense of guru-like mysticism in Kerouacs work: his work spills out like revelations, if not beats, we certainly get the sensation that he is â€Å"King† of something. The work responds to deconstructive literary theory because of its very currency- it has almost completely evaded the conventional segregation and hierarchy of speech and writing. â€Å"My work comprises one vast book like Prousts except that my remembrances are written on the run instead of afterwards in a sick bed.† â€Å"Criticism is forced to be perpetually lagging behind the designs and dictates of the author, whilst the works language is seen as a simple means towards a referential end. Language is thereby devalued to the status of an instrument.† Barthess statement, â€Å"it is only through the function of the author as the possessor of meaning that textual reality is made obeisant to extra textual reality† is almost the antithesis of Kerouac. Kerouacs restoration program also depends on the authors willingness to disappear slightly and conduct meaning, but uniquely, Kerouac demands that the hierarchy of the â€Å"textual and extra-textual† be flattened. Not only this, but that the direction of realist discourse be inverted. As Barthes describes it, â€Å"the author is always supposed to go from signified to signifier, from passion to expression†¦the critic goes in the other direction†¦the master of meaning†¦is a divine attribute†¦from the signified towards the signifier.† Clearly Kerouac does not begin with the apparent and source its cause. He is the archetypal author, travelling from a source within himself a â€Å"passion†- towards a grand confection of layered expressive analogies. This critic is not working as an unseen evangelist of truth-in-nature, but uses nature as a space to unveil meaning, that is, to work from the â€Å"signifier† of the word, to the â€Å"signified† of the writing, like a painter signing his own name on the canvas. In fact, Kerouac is suspended between the conditions of observer and recorder. The recorders self is neither ejected nor declared in his writings, but rather encrypted- both in and as the writing. This partly explains the fascination that encrypted and marginalized author figures hold for Kerouac. His own experience of suspension and estrangement from easy linguistic categorisation, and from the body of conventional society, is unconsciously articulated in all Kerouacs writings. The very potent agency of unconscious in itself is of course another â€Å"natural† tie, binding this writer to the natural world. When, in Big Sur, he talks of the meandering river/path leading into/out of the picture, he is describing the same path into and out of meaning which he himself treads. As a fugitive of consciousness, he travels from work to signifier -in the sense of both meaning, and of the artist, the maker of meaning, and his conclusions merge meaning and its maker into a single signifier. As an author, Kerouac functions as a human conduit to bring external reality to â€Å"textual reality†- and is guided in this venture by the original source, the world outside. All this is reinforced, and microcosmically present, in Kerouacs easy fluctuation into and out of the page, int o and out of the rythm- all of which implies a certain arbitrariness of the page. This is not carelessness, but merely the flip-side of significance. It simply doesnt matter to Kerouac whether a symbol works in one direction or another, the importance is the motion- the action- itself. This is particularly evident in the repeated jazz references in â€Å"On the Road†. The musical analogy for temporal progression is made explicit as Kerouacs fundamental modus operandi. When he describes his unique philosophy of composition, â€Å"blow as deep as you want to blow,† it seems he imagines the writer as a kind of horn-player. He attaches his methodology to a rationale for his bizarre habits of punctuation, â€Å" Method. No periods separating sentence-structures already arbitrarily riddled with false colons and timid usually needless commas- but the vigorous space dash separating rhetorical breathing (as jazz musicians drawing breath between outblown phrases)† The words occurring between dashes resemble linguistic entities unaligned with the conventional subject-verb arrangement of English sentences. These linguistic configurations appear to obey a different notion of time to the â€Å"real† world, with its â€Å"real† language. Traditionally, a sentence fixes time by acting as a frame for the past-present-future sequence. The conventional sentence does not allow the motion, flash, and fluctuation of Kerouacs writing ambition. In this way, the musical analogy enables Kerouac to construct a notion of time outside of the temporal constriction of conventional literature. His work is less poetic, non-linear, and dislocated. A phrase need not refer to the outside world, for it can now begin and end with reference only to its own rhythm- a truly poetic quality, â€Å" measured pauses which are the essentials of our speech-divisions of the sounds we hear-time and how to note it down (William Carlos Williams).† So Kerouacs prose is measured with breath, and timing holds the key to its rendition. As he describes the process, â€Å"Time being of the essence in the purity of speech, sketching language is undisturbed flow from the mind of personal secret idea-wrds, blowing (as per jazz musician) on subject of image† On the Road is an attempt to solve the time/space problems Kerouac is troubled by, but his success is always qualified by what we might term psychoanalytic obstacles. However much he attempts to overrule the order of cause and effect, past and present, this author must remain subject to the government of his own past. His repeated attempts to perfect the form contradict the effort itself, of course- and this is Kerouacs paradox. The more he writes, the more he develops, and the more evident the writers evolution, the more it relates to a chronological dynamic. In the same way that labouring spontaneity foregrounds the labour, and consequently the authors hand, aspiring to defeat timeliness through constructing a series of books over years only betrays his inescapable mortality, tying him inextricably to the outside world in spite of himself. The writing brings to mind the words of art critic, Michael Fried, whose anxiety around the visually present world is everywhere present in his work, â€Å"†¦a means of evoking an experience of journeying corporeally through space as opposed to merely viewing a world present to eyesight but fundamentally out of reach.† It is clear that Kerouacs work is a melancholic writing of history i the most literal sense: his books create chimeras of invisible historical figures, and in so doing evoke their absence- an absence which inevitably feeds his unfalsifiable claims, and, unfortunately for Kerouac, the claims of unfalsifiability made against him. 2. The Beat and the Origin The life of every Beat Writer is characterized by a prolonged psychic crisis that is finally resolved by means of a sudden vision or insight James T. Jones, in his book Jack Kerouacs Dulouz Legend: The Mythic Form of an Autobiographical Fiction, argues forcefully for an Oedipal analysis of Kerouacs work. Grouping the Kerouac texts in the Freudian context, particularly the Oedipus myth, Jones reflects on ways in which Kerouacs depiction of family relationships and by extension, relationships in his personal life and as fictionalized in his prose may be explained through Freud. His look extends to the enduring relationship between Kerouac and his mother, the residual rivalry with his father, sibling rivalry with his older deceased brother Gerard, and eventually a succession of male colleagues. Big Surs alcohol-induced nervous breakdown is perceived as being induced by or symptomatic of his catastrophic attachment to his mother and obsession with the psychic tensions induced by the Oedipal family struggle. As Jones writes, Jack Dulouz , suffering from the effects of chronic alcoholism and sensing an impending nervous breakdown, seeks refuge at the oceanside cabinunfortunately, like the grove of the Eumenides in Oedipus at Colonus, it is full of reminders of both the cause of his misery and the fate that awaits him, The oedipal signifier works in two directions, then, standing outside of time. The â€Å"Origin† supplied by the grove recalls the past and anticipates the future. A visit to the canyon in which the breakdown took place, its rumbling surf and endless brook which babbles with vital noise, and the yawning canyon recall Kerouacs hometown of Lowell. We are reminded of the grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes, and the bridge across the Merrimack River there. Since Kerouac was introduced to it by his brother Gerard, the site, with its awesome mystical potency, is described with passion. The sounds seem to express, yet barely contain, the power of the place: as the river water cascades over the long weir, traffic roars in the background. All this combined with the anthropomorphically cragged vista of the grotto itself creates a sense of almost unbearably powerful otherness, an origin in nature now frighteningly alien to the human soul. Kerouacs realism in Big Sur may be summarised as the doomed ambition to structure impossible desire. The labour of the carefully constructed â€Å"Beat† pattern is present in the background, as a sort of displaced metaphor for the mental and physical effort of writing. Thus Kerouacs â€Å"Beat† takes the anti-mimetic definition of realism one step further- since writing does not have to relate to what it depicts, it will resist immediacy, but relate in specific and indirect ways to the authors private life. In many ways, Kerouacs enterprise resembles that of a visual artist at least as much as an aural or literary construction. Courbets paintings, for example, operate in a very similar way to Kerouacs works. They share this meta-symbolism, with particular interest in representing origins as water, or indeed as female genitalia- and also aspire to an impossible merging with lost roots. In Courbets art the impossible merger is one of body and work; for Kerouac it is the a rtifice of language and the unruly inevitability of the natural- taking him as close as anything ever can to his father. An erotics of the word and image is then inevitable, and Kerouac finds one fully-formulated and ready to use, in Freudian psychoanalysis. While studies on Courbet resituate sexual difference within the (male) painter-beholder, rather than between him and his representations, Jack Kerouac does something subtly different. Through its emphasis on the writing/experiencing incommensurability, Kerouac resituates sexual difference within the (male) writer/reader rather than between the artist and their work. The authorial voice is only ostensibly the source of psychoanalytic narrative- in fact the same narrative can be sourced through theoretical channels (backwards â€Å"into the page†) to the writer, and, if we believe him, to the reader too. â€Å" It grew exceedingly hot and strange†¦We were going though swamps and alongside the road at ragged intervals strange Mexicans in tattered rags walked along with machetes hanging from their rope belts, and some of them cut at the bushes. They all stopped to watch us without expression. Through the tangled bush we occasionally saw thatched huts with African-like bamboo walls, just stick huts. Strange young girls, dark as the moon, stared from mysterious verdant doorways,† Psychoanalysis corroborates Kerouacs general preoccupation with the fantasy of origination, in the case of Big Sur, the origination as personified in the figure of the father. In this imagery from On the Road, the dark girls are linked to the moon, loaded words like â€Å"thatch† and â€Å"bush† are always used alongside â€Å"machetes† and eery expressionlessness. Reading Kerouac like a goya painting or a poem, we can easily recognise the guilty violence involved. Kerouacs unedited unconsciousness reveals his sense of alienation, as the girls who are so strange are like the moon- nature is female- irresistible, unfathomable, untouchable. The horizontal â€Å"thatch† or â€Å"low bush† of the women is disrupted by the weapons and interference of the vertical agent of the male machetes. The interference in the body of water is the same- or at least, linguistically symmetrical- to the interference on reality that the act of writing always engenders. I f female bodies and contrived spontaneity are references to the origin and the unconscious ambition to merge with the origin; then any discreet writing surface is fetishised as an oedipal object of impossible desire, always disrupted, interfered with and disfigured by the very desire that defines it. Kerouacs Freudian desire to merge with the source must disturb the way he perceives himself. In fact, it illustrates and literally reflects the way in which we, as readers, percieve ourselves in so far as we are reflections of our origins- how it is only through disturbance that we can become aware of the source. If any reflection were perfect, with no material interference, we would have no way of knowing that it was a reflection. Kerouacs tireless autobiography project is not only a non-narcissistic event, but an entirely natural one. In Hegels Aesthetics such self-portraiture is established as a primal impulse of self-identification. According to Hegel, for man to become self-conscious he must first â€Å"represent himself to himself†, and second, â€Å"man brings himself before himself by practical activity†¦this aim he achieves by altering external things whereon he impresses the seal of his inner being and in which he now finds again his own characteristics. Man does this†¦to strip the external world of its inflexible foreignness and to enjoy the shape of things only an external realization of himself.† Hegel goes on to describe a childs impulse to throw stones into a river: there is no reflection involved, none of the self-annihilating narcissism of â€Å"passive desiring seeing†, but a declared primacy of action over seeing. Kerouac is invoked by Hegels wording, â€Å"the continuity between ordinary action and the action of producing works of art is already implied by the image of the drawing of circles in the surface of the water.† These circles are inscriptions of objects on flat planes that require a certain maturity of consciousness to interpret as the effects of a (manual) cause. Here, Kerouacs dormant reference to, and defence of, his own ideal situation as a realist author is very evident. In a later paragraph from Fried the message that the self is best quietly discovered through displaced descriptive action is completely inescapable, â€Å" the effacement of the very conditions of resemblance (the breaking of the mirror-surface of the river) also means that the boys relation to the spreading circles in the water might be described in Flaubertian language as present everywhere but visible nowhere.† A sentiment repeated in Kerouacs poetry, which â€Å"breaks† the reflective power of water by introducing the contrasting element of heat and dryness, â€Å"Describe fires in riverbottom sand, and the cooking; the cooking of hot dogs spitted in whittled sticks over flames of woodfire with grease dropping in smoke to brown and blacken the salty hotdogs, and the wine, and the work on the railroad.† The desire to identify with the origin, whether through disturbing the water, impersonating the father, or labouring to represent oneself to oneself, may always end in action, but it is only ever the action of wrenching open the facture of desire. The impulse to create will always be driven by a lack, and Kerouac is most conventionally â€Å"Realist† when he recognises this. Kerouac, after all, is aiming to reorganise an imbalance of power, and to characterise a sense of the monadic â€Å"other†. Philosophically, Kerouacs work is incredibly resistant to the Other, to the point that he scarcely needs the anterior of an audience. In spite of his evident veneration of the â€Å"Natural†, the world beyond that of writing/reading is so unbearable that Fried has trouble imagining it, levelling the differences between interiors and exteriors and converting all mimetic imagery into narratives of action or narratives of material: surfaces to be read. To the extent that it is a self-sufficient sign-system (and I am arguing it is far more than this) Kerouacs work evacuates the reader and effectively â€Å"reads itself†. It fits Derridas conception of autobiography, â€Å"My written communication must†¦remain legible despite the absolute disappearance of every determined addressee†¦for it to function as writing†¦to be legible. It must be repeatable, iterable, in the absolute absence of the addressee† Again, this supported by the assertions of one anonymous online Kerouac archivist, â€Å"Almost everything he wrote was autobiographical. Like Thomas Wolfe, he saw writing as identical with introspection. The word fiction does not really describe his work. It was more like self-directed psychoanalysis, except that his outlook was more religous and tragic than psychological. His books are crowded with his friends, lightly disguised behind new names. Allen Ginsberg, for instance, appears variously as Carlo Marx, Adam Moorad, Irwin Garden, Leon Levinsky and Alvah Goldbrook. Late in his life, Kerouac even considered publishing a unified edition of all his works, with all the characters representing himself appearing under a single name, Jack Duluoz (French for Jack the Louse).† This homogenising impulse, the need to resist difference and integrate everything, drives the rhetorical case which Kerouac makes in an attempt to show that outdoor scenes are actually the same as indoor ones. It is affected spontaneity of language which Fried cites as the connection between the inner and the outer. Indoor and outdoor scenes are treated as having the same character and affect, to the extent that they have a rhythm and no inherent narrative. Kerouacs holistic ambition repeats itself on every level- here the very scene of representation is moulded by the realist theory. The internal and external scenes, like the internal and external levels of a psyche, become one, as they are united in common, necessary pain, of the disfiguring theoretical intervention. Applying psychoanalysis to Kerouac, this does look like an attempt at integrating the repressed inner and outer of the psyche, where the first might be characterised as darkness, depth, recession, primordial instinct, and the past, and the second as light, shallowness, presence, and surface agency. Farewell Sur- Didja ever tell him about water meeting water-? O go back to otter- Term-Term-Klerm Kerm-Kurn-Cow-Kow- Cash-Cach-Cluck- Clock-Gomeat sea need be deep I see you Enoch soon anarf in Old Britanny Say yes. Say yes to the sea. Say yes to chaos. Say yes to eternity. Say yes and let it all go. Go, go to the sea. To the waiting open arms of the sea. You and me you and me the sea. Yes. Let us be. There is light.† Reflections are also the assertion of the horizontal. In spite of the violence metaphorically wrought, and acknowledged by his writing, Kerouacs work is concerned with empowering the natural within the man. The vigorous negation of comfortable feminine origination in his poetry refuses to allow the implied horizontality of the original sheet of paper to be wholly superseded, and in effect suppressed, by the verticality of the outside world. Psychoanalysis works through poetry subliminally, appealing to the subconscious by encoding itself in visual puns like reflections. 3. Missed Beats – Misunderstandings and misnomers It has been claimed that, for at least one definition of the word, Kerouac was not a â€Å"Beat† at all. Mayer writes, â€Å"A â€Å"keen observer rather than a confident insider,† Kerouac never really was a member of the Beats though he was among them from the beginning and as a chronicler cast their emergence into prose. When Daniel Belgrad remarks that Kerouac â€Å"would attend parties only to sit silently in a corner, listening intently to the multiple conversations and noting them down in his memory,† he is in line with a comment by Ginsberg, â€Å"I guess [Kerouac] felt more like a private solitary Melvillean minnesinger or something.† â€Å"Subterranean Kerouac†, a biography by Ellis Amburn, develops the oedipal theme in his work, referring notably to his â€Å"dream-fear of homosexuality.† Claiming that Kerouac became a â€Å"homophobic homoerotic† by the early nineteen forties, Amburn insists that in the fifties, while an increasing misogyny came to pervade writings like Some of the Dharma, â€Å"his homophobia was increasing in direct proportion to his homoerotic activity. , † a development which might have been facilitated at least partially by Kerouacs worsening dependency on alcohol. Kerouac is known as the king or the speaker of the beat generation and his writings are probably the most widely read works for anyone studding the beat culture, but there is real evidence that he resisted the title of â€Å"King†, particularly the patriarchal overtones. Even in 1952, John Clellon Holmess book â€Å"Go† presents Kerouac as Gene Pasternak, railing against â€Å"all that free-love stuff, that liberal bohemianism, between friends.† Kerouacs 1958 novel â€Å"The Subterraneans† features a narrator whose sexual hang-ups are barely known to him. Ben Giamo has termed the narrators stance in the novel as â€Å"a curious form of approach/avoidance.† The authors avatar in â€Å"The Subterraneans†, is French Canadian. His name is â€Å"Leo Percepied† and it has been appropriated for psychoanalysis. Kurt Mayer claims that as his first name is that of Kerouacs father, and his last, literally translates asâ€Å"pierced foot,† the characters name is an obvious Oedipal reference. The characters destiny echoes Jacks, as he abandons pretentions to being middle class, and ultimately returns to his mothers house. Jack, of course, always returned to â€Å"Memà ©re†- Gabrielle Kerouac, what Mayer refers to as the â€Å"only consistent relati

Sunday, January 19, 2020

Development of T-DNA Essay

Question: Describe the development of T-DNA-based vector systems from the Ti plasmid and the mechanisms of their delivery into plant cells. Answer:   Tumor-inducing plasmids (Ti plasmids) are used extensively in the construction of vectors and transgenic plants (Binns and Thomashow, 1988).   Ti plasmids are ~200-kb in size, derived from Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Gram-negative phytopathogenic soil bacteria that deliver DNA and proteins to plant cells at wound sites, resulting in crown gall tumorigenesis (Chilton et al., 1977). The generation of tumors depends on the induction of a set of Ti plasmid-encoded virulence (vir) genes acting through a virA/virG regulatory system, which primarily responds to monosaccharide and phenolic levels released by wounded plants.   The transferred DNA (T-DNA) of Ti plasmids is randomly integrated into the plant nuclear genome through a process known as non-homologous recombination (NHR) (Offringa et al., 1990). T-DNA is a single-stranded DNA molecule produced by a virDl/D2-encoded site-specific endonuclease that nicks within two border sequences of 24-bp in length, flanking the T-DNA   (van Haaren et al., 1987).   After cleavage and excision, the T-DNA binds with the DNA-binding protein VirE2 and the resulting complex is transferred to the plant cell via type IV-type secretion (Zupan and Zambryski, 1995). For genetic engineering purposes, the T-DNA region is modified into a non-tumor generating DNA segment by removal of genes that encode enzymes controlling auxin and cytokinin synthesis.   Cloned genes may be inserted into the T-DNA of a Ti plasmid that will eventually be introduced into cultured plant cells, leaf discs or root slices by infection.    Genes for antibiotic resistance are also incorporated into the T-DNA to facilitate selection of transformed cells.   Transformed cells are cultured in media containing auxins and cytokinins for growth and a specific antibiotic to aid identification of transformed clones.   There are reports of successful introduction of foreign genes for disease resistance, herbicide resistance and salt tolerance into commercially important plants.   Another way of transforming plants is by immersion of whole plants in a solution containing engineered-Ti Agrobacterium (Bechtold et al. 1993). Transformation may also be performed by exposing whole plants to a solution containing Agrobacterium that is carrying engineered or wild-type Ti plasmids. The plants must be treated in such a way to allow the Agrobacterium to enter tissue, either by applying a vacuum or by treating with detergents. The Agrobacterium penetrates the floral tissue and transforms the developing ovules. Isolation of seeds from these Agrobacterium-exposed plants yields up to 2% of the seeds that are transformed with the T-DNA. This approach is very useful for molecular genetic studies, such as for characterizing DNA sequences involved in the control of gene expression, or constructing large libraries of insertional mutants. Question:   Explain why transformation of certain species has been problematical and to what extent this has been overcome. Answer:   Ti plasmids encounter compatibility problems wherein closely related plasmids exclude each other.   The repABC genes have been identified to play a major role in this incompatibility.   This problem has been overcome by a curing method (Uragi et al., 2002) which is based on three steps.   Firstly, a curing plasmid is introduced, followed by a screening for Ti-less clones by either opine utilization or hybridization by using a highly conserved region of the virulence cluster as probe, and lastly, detection and deletion of the curing plasmid. Question:   What improvements can be made to the expression systems to overcome some of the objectives of the GM technology? The transformation mechanism of Ti plasmids is so powerful that it becomes a concern on whether other crops might be accidentally modified and propagated.   Termed as â€Å"xenogenic† plants, these plants result from the insertion of laboratory-designed DNA for which no naturally evolved genetic counterpart can be found.   Such DNA segments may integrate into the plant genome causing rearrangements in the nuclear material which may later result in species differentiation.   A silencing mechanism should be constructed to the expression systems of Ti plasmids to overcome such freak accident in GM technology. References Bechtold, N., Ellis, J. and Pelletier, G. (1993):   Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer by infiltration of adult Arabidopsis thaliana plants. C. R. Acad. Sci., 316: 1194–1199. Binns, A.N. and Thomashow, M.F.,   (1988):   Cell biology of Agrobacterium infection and transformation of plants.   Annu. Rev. Microbiol.,   42:575-606. Chilton, M.D., Drummond, M.H., Merio, D.J., Sciaky, D., Montoya, A.L., Gordon, M.P. and Nester, M.P.   (1977):   Stable incorporation of plasmid DNA into higher plant cells: The molecular basis of crown gall tumorigenesis.   Cell,   11:263-271. Matzke, A. J. M. and Chilton, M-D. (1981) Site-specific insertion of gene into T-DNA of the Agrobacterium tumor-inducing plasmid: An approach to genetic engineering of higher plant cells. J. Mol. Appl. Genet. 1: 39–49. Offringa, R., De Groot, M.J.A., Haagsman, H.J., Does, M.P., van den Elzen, P.J.M. and Hooykaas, P.J.J.   (1990):   Extrachromosomal homologous recombination and gene targeting in plant cells after Agrobacterium mediated transformation.   EMBO J., 9:3077-3084. Uragi, M., Suzuki, K. and Yoshida, K.   (2002):   A novel plasmid curing method using incompatibility of plant pathogenic Ti plasmids in Agrobacterium tumefaciens.   Genes Genet. Syst.   77:1-9. van Haaren, M.J., Sedee, N.J., Schilperoort, R.A. and Hooykaas, P.J. (1987): Overdrive is a T-region transfer enhancer which stimulates T-strand production in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Nucl. Acids Res., 15: 8983–8997. Zupan, J., Muth, T., Draper, O. and Zambryski, P. (2000). The transfer of DNA from Agrobacterium tumefaciens into plants: a feast of fundamental insights. Plant J.,   23: 11–28. Zupan, J.R. and Zambryski, P. (1995): Transfer of T-DNA from Agrobacterium to the plant cell. Plant Physiol., 107: 1041–1047.

Friday, January 10, 2020

Risk Management and Service User

Anita Byrne ACV5222 UNIT 504 DEVELOP HEALTH AND SAFETY AND RISK MANAGEMENT POLICIES, PROCEDURES AND PRACTICES IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE OR CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE SETTINGS (M1) 1,1 understand the current legislative frame and organisational health, safety and risk management policies, procedures and practices that are relevant to health and social care or children and young peoples setting. As an organisation that manages health and safety we recognise that the relationship between controlling risks and general health is at the very centre of the business itself.The starting point for managing health and safety in the workplace which: †¢ demonstrates the practices commitment to health and safety and sets out aims and objectives in relation to this †¢ identifies the individual health and safety roles and responsibilities and the communication channels with-in the practice †¢ Summarises the practical way in which health and safety is managed and objectives met. The org anisation is required to have a health and safety policy in place in order to comply with the health and safety at work act 1974.The act is the primary piece of health and safety legislation within the UK. It is an enabling act often referred to as the umbrella act, which means that regulations can be introduced with-out eh need for additional primary legislation. The Health and Safety at Work Act also says that employers must, so far as is reasonably practicable provide †¢ a safe place to work †¢ a safe environment and adequate welfare facilities †¢ safe equipment and systems of work safe arrangements for using, handling, storing and transporting articles and substances associated with work †¢ sufficient information, instruction, training and supervision for employee The act is supported by many other regulations and pieces of legislation, one of the most significant being the Management of Health and Safety at Work regulations (MHSWR) 1999. A crucial element of these regulations is the requirement for employers to have in place systems to manage health and safety.The technique of risk assessment – used to identify hazards, evaluate risks, support planning and put effective control measures in place – underpins such systems. In recent years, the risk management has been influence by the growing awareness of the number of errors, incidents and near misses that happen in social care practice and the effect of the safety of service user’s and the consequence has been the development of service user safety initiatives which have given a ‘service user focus’ to the management of risk within the social care setting.The health and safety at work act underpins this aim and clearly describes the employer’s duty of care not only for staff but towards the persons other than employees such as service user’s, attached staff visitors, and member of the public, contractors and delivery personnel. The princi pals and duties outlined in this policy apply, therefore, to anyone affected by the practices activities. 1. 2 nalyse how policies, procedures and practices in own setting meet health, safety and risk management requirements. The main piece of legislation affecting the management of health & safety is the Health & safety act at work 1974. This act provides a framework for ensuring the Health & safety of all employees in any work activity. It also provides for the Health & safety of anyone: †¢ Risk assessments with the working environment †¢ Adult protection & safe guarding †¢ Person centre planning & risk managementWhen working in line with the organisations policies and procedures to ensure that the staff team create a safe working environment and service user care plans and risk management plans don’t impact on their freedom of choice but they ensure that they are safe with the life style they choose to live, I need to balance those choices against our risk m anagement plans for example we have a service user who lives in her own flat within the complex of the home and feels that her bed is to high and asked her family to put the mattress on a pile of bricks rather than have the bed frame lowered.When staff discovered this, they informed senior staff who tried to explain why their actions could not be allowed to carry on as staff who helps the service user make her bed may sustain an injury. The family could not see that we have a legal requirement to work within the safety of the health and safety legislation. I did suggest that we highlight a repair/maintenance job for the bed to be lowered that is safe to use for both the service user and staff.Also within the workplace before an activity can be undertaken we are required to complete a risk assessment and any areas where we need to put safety measures in to limit the potential risks then this must be done before the activity can take place as well as demonstrating that we need to moni tor staff’s working practices and review and update the risk assessment at the appropriate times. In delivering a registered care service all staff must have mandatory health and safety training before completing any given task whether this be fire safety, food hygiene, manual handling, infection control, first aid etc. f staff have not received this training then they cannot complete the task, thus ensuring that all service user’s welfare are giving top priority in line with quality and safety outcomes. As the acting registered care manager I need to complete regular health and safety audits and maintain clear records to demonstrate competence and that we are meeting the requirements of the law. At times when carrying out an audit I have noticed that a food safety check as not been completed or a fire test got missed and in line with my roles and responsibilities I must address my findings with the senior team, the kitchen staff etc.This will be done in our staff and team meetings. Minutes of these meetings will be taken and stored in the named files so that they can be used for further audits and inspections that are required in line with our policies and procedures, duty of care and relevant legislation. 4. 3 evaluate own practice in promoting a balanced approach to risk assessment. A good standard of record keeping is imperative to support our quality audits and framework for our risk management plans, risk assessment and person centre practice to lead a lifestyle of their choice.When evaluating our own practice and our documentation I will look at:- †¢ Policies, protocols and guidelines to keep staff and management informed †¢ Information regarding, health and safety, care delivery and CQC outcomes for best practice and positive outcomes for service users †¢ Information about systems, for example risk management plans, incident reporting. Complaints. Service user care plans Other ways to evaluate own practice is through regula r audits and regulatory inspections which enables a systematic assessment or estimation of the process or outcome of a work activity, to determine whether it is : Effective: making progress towards a particular goal †¢ Efficient: achieving a particular target with the least effort †¢ Economic: achieving a successful outcome with the minimum cost Essentially audits measure what the staff team are doing against what they should be doing. Internal and external audits involve systematically looking at the procedures within the practice that are used for diagnosis, care and support measures to our service user that enable them to lead a life of their choice, by examining how associated resources are used and nvestigating the effect carer has on the outcome and quality of life for the service user. Conversely, research is concerned with the identification of best practice, where a audit establishes, whether agreed best practice is being followed, and according to Smith (1992) Re search is concerned with discovering the right thing to do:† audit with ensuring that it is done right â€Å" and that we are involving service users in line with our person centred approach.Another system that we use to evaluate our practice for promoting a person centred practice that includes a balance approach to risk management is in our statutory care review meetings where the service user, their family, staff and other professionals will review the care plan and risk management plans to ensure that we are sill meeting the service user needs and that they are happy with the level of activities and levels of support they are receiving.Also these meetings may raise concerns and these concerns will be addressed to ensure that safety and wellbeing of the service user is being met either from staff within the home or by others. These changes will be recorded in their care plan and reviewed in line with our evaluation procedures. Any changes to a service users care plan will be discussed in our daily handover sessions and staff meetings to make sure that all staff who support the service user know of these changes and the additional resources and support that is being put in by the people who are supporting the service user.As the manager I will also use staff meetings, supervisions and training sessions to evaluate my own and others within the teams performance to ensure that we are meetings our health and safety requirements as well as promoting a person centred approach that ensure a balanced approach to risk assessments that cover the working activities in running a registered care home. 4. 4 analyse how helping others to understand the balance between risk and rights improves practice.To analyse and help to understand the balance of service users and the public involvement is part of everyday practice in the NHS (DH 2005b) who have identified a number of principles that underpin the delivery of resident – led services. PRINICIPLES OF RISK AN D RIGHTS FOR IMPROVMENTS HAVE BEEN TO UNDERPIN THE DELIVERY OF RESIDENT LED SERVICES †¢ Provide residents with the correct information and choices that allow them to feel in control – understanding that they are the best judge of their life/how they wish to live their life †¢ Ensure everyone receives not just high quality care, but care with consideration for their needs at all times. Treat people as human beings and as individuals, not just people to be processed †¢ Ensure people always feel valued by the service and are treated with respect, dignity, and compassion †¢ Explain what’s happening if things go wrong and why, and agree a way forward At the home when we complete our risk management plans we will involve the service user, their family and others who maybe supporting them from the wider community. I will discuss each task and outline any concerns that we may have and how these concerns can be addressed without imposing on the service users rights, dignity, choice etc. ut I must make sure that I protect the service user and the staff in carrying out the task etc. I feel this process of informing others, discussing the issues can go a long way in helping others to understand why things can be done and or cannot be undertaken unless additional measures are put in place. This process also assists others in seeing where the potential risk of harm may take place and why we are constantly reviewing our work activities and the abilities of the service users to cooperate with staff when carrying out an activity etc.The same process will be used in staff meetings to ensure that the team can fully understand their roles and responsibilities and reasons why additional measures have been put in place. Also when staff understand the culture of the organisation and the home they themselves will undertake the process without thinking and therefore ensure that the working environment is safe for everyone. By allowing others to unders tand the balance between risks and rights, you improve practice because they know what is acceptable and what isn’t.This makes work more positive and makes the care that is given more effective and more suitable to the service users that require it. By helping others to do this, you are helping them improve their job, and helping them develop with their own knowledge, which they can pass on to other employers; this is peer learning. 5. 1 obtain feedback on health, safety and risk management policies, procedures and practices form individuals and others. The polices, procedures and practices at the home have been developed, reviewed and updated in line with health and safety legislation and our CQC registration requirements.This ensures that the homes working practices are monitored, audited and inspected throughout the year and feedback from the records and reports are discussed and recommendations are implemented. These are reviewed yearly by the organisation and any feedbac k given is used to promote and improve the services within the home. The context of feedback can be used as a learning tool. The practice of over-learning produces reinforcement of a sense of achievement before moving on to the next stage, it can enable a person to move towards independence in a particular skill.The principles of feedback include beginning and ending with positive comments, any suggestion for development that focus on negative aspects of the skills should be included in the middle. The reason for that learning is closely associated with self-esteem and motivation for ensuring that the working environment is safe. CQC’s the essential standards of quality and safety consist of 28 outcomes that are set out in two pieces of legislation: The health and social care Act 2008 (regulated activities) Regulation 2012 and the Care Quality Commission (registration) regulations 2009 and for each regulation, there is an associated outcome – the xperiences that will b e expected of healthcare professionals as a result of the service and care provided and feedback for each outcome must be addressed by the manager. I will also get feedback from various health and safety contractors, visitor’s to the home who carry out regular maintenance work within the home, environmental health inspections etc. With all these visits to the home I will receive feedback on our good practice and compliance as well as areas in which we need to improve upon and non-compliances.This feedback is important to ensure that the team and I meet the required standards and that the home and our activities are undertaken in a safe manor. 5. 2. evaluate the health and safety and risk management policies and procedures and practices within the work setting At the Manor House, we have numerous policies and procedures in place, all spread over a wide variety. They include – †¢ Accident and Incident Reporting and Investigation †¢ Asbestos †¢ Building Mai ntenance †¢ Care Services Construction Management ~ Site Access and Surveying †¢ Consultation and Communication †¢ Contractors †¢ Electrical Safety †¢ Fire Safety †¢ First Aid †¢ Food Hygiene ~ Safety in Food Preparation Areas †¢ Gas Safety †¢ Grounds Maintenance †¢ Handling and Disposal of Waste †¢ Hazardous Substances ~ COSHH, Radon †¢ Health and Safety Information and Training †¢ Health and Safety Management ~ Monitory and Review, Inspections and Surveys †¢ Health and Wellbeing at Work ~ Alcohol, Drugs, CommunicableDisease, Immunisation, Pre-employment medical, Pregnant Women, Smoking, Stress, Work related absenteeism and Young persons. †¢ Manual handling †¢ Office safety ~ display screen equipment †¢ Personal Protective Equipment †¢ Personal safety, violence and lone working †¢ Property management ~ security and visitors, workplace standards, welfare facilities †¢ Risk Assessment †¢ Safe use and maintenance of equipment at work ~ lifts and lifting equipment, vehicles at work †¢ Sheltered schemes †¢ Water management †¢ Other guidance †¢ Definitions †¢ Amendment record Accidents and incidents – index of incident records form, RIDDOR reporting form, servite incident reporting form, care services residents incident reporting form o Workplace moving and handling assessments – moving and handling operations preliminary risk assessment form, moving and handling operations risk assessment form, moving and handling care plan o Workplace risk assessments and young person at work risk assessments – scheme/office/kitchen/staff room workplace risk assessment forms, copy of schemes contractors risk assessments or method statements, young persons at work risk assessment form, new and expectant mothers risk assessment, night worker health assessment form o Moving and handling equipment inspection record, moving and handling equipment inspection record, moving and handling equipment defects record o First aid records – first aid record sheet, first aid kit maintenance defects record o Water treatment records (including temperature monitory, flushing and de-scaling) – shower/spray flushing and de-scaling record sheet, water temperature record sheet o Food safety records – fridge and freezer temperature record sheet o Electrical test records (portable appliances and building installation – visual electrical inspection of void properties form, portable electrical equipment visual inspection record sheet, record of portable test, redundant equipment disposal form, dopy of building installation report and certificate o DSE assessment records Asbestos survey reports – scheme asbestos survey report o Gas safety records – record of reasonable steps taken (when no access granted) form, regional committee report on the progress of gas safety inspections form, gas servici ng report, copy of gas certificate o Control of substances hazardous to health assessments and safety data sheets – copies of safety data sheets for every cleaning product used at the scheme o Health and safety audit and survey reports – health and safety survey form, schemes health and safety audit report completed by the health and safety team o Passenger lift inspection records – copy of certificate, passenger lift inspection and insurance reports o Personal protective equipment maintenance records – reports o Lone worker alarm maintenance record – reports Remote alarm/pendant checks – pendant check form, remote alarm check form o 3rd party forms o Waste o Pest o Business continuity arrangements The positives of having all these policies, procedures and risk managements in place is that it covers everything, meaning that we know what is considered wrong and what is considered correct. The negatives are that because there are so many in pl ace, some can be left out or not remembered, leaving the work setting unsuitable for service users perhaps, or leaving the standard of care low; but because we have them all, and are all used frequently, they are all understood, this is a positive out of the negative situation. SEE AC 1. 2 5. :- identify areas of policies, procedures and practice that need improvement to ensure safety and protection in the work setting Here, there are few areas of policies and procedures of/and practice that may need improvement, this is because they are good, but not at the best standard I think they could be. These are: health and safety audits, the medication rounds, maintenance of equipment and staff training. The medication rounds could be improved by making them faster, or by having more staff working on it, to increase the speed of residents getting their required medication. The maintenance of equipment could be improved by having it done sooner rather than later, so there isn’t as mu ch of an issue if the equipment is required and cant be used as it isn’t working.Health and safety audits can be improved by making them more frequent and detailed, so you can understand the issues more and also notice where the good aspects are. Staff training can be improved by making it more important and motivational, and by making it more frequent to allow better development of career work. 5. 4 recommend changes to policies. procedures and practice that ensure safety and protection in the work setting The changes that I recommend would only be improvements, and the improvements would be to make the policies and procedures more ‘spread out’, so they cover more areas of the work setting, so everything has a policy or procedure to make it more effective and reliable.Reviewing the policies and procedures would be a start to see where the changes could happen and be recommended, to ensure safety I would recommend a change to the health and safety act policy, to give it a wider variety of protection of the work setting, to add more ‘safer’ equipment and make the environment safer, by having less dangerous objects around that could be harmful in anyway to a resident, visitor or staff member. I would recommend a change in the frequency of procedures dealing with forms and assessments, to make sure everything is checked frequently, to make sure there are no problems or issues that are missed if they are only checked every now and then, this would be like risk assessments, fire safety, equipment checks or kitchen assessments etc. There isn’t a lot I would recommend to change, but if I had to, it would be most likely to do with frequency or variety.